Figures and Constructions

Randy Allen Harris

Cambridge University Press, 2027

The Linguistic Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and battle over deep structure

Randy Allen Harris

2nd ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 2021

Voice Interaction Design

Randy Allen Harris

Patrick Colm Hogan, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Language Sciences, Cambridge University Press, London, 2008

The Linguistic Wars

Randy Allen Harris

1st edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993

Acoustic dimensions of functor comprehension in Broca's aphasia

Randy Allen Harris

Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington, 1988

Routledge handbook of language and persuasion

Jeanne Fahnestock, Randy Allen Harris, editors

Routledge, 2023

Rhetoric and incommensurability

Randy Allen Harris, editor

Parlor Press, 2005

Landmark essays in rhetoric of science: Issues and methods

Randy Allen Harris, editor

Routledge, London, 2020

Landmark essays in rhetoric of science: Case studies

Randy Allen Harris, editor

2nd ed., Routledge, 2018

Landmark essays in rhetoric of science: Case studies

Randy Allen Harris, editor

1st edition, Hermagoras Press (a Lawrence Erlbaum Associates imprint), Mahwah, NJ, 1997

Literature, Rhetoric, and Values

Randy Allen Harris, Shelley Hulan, Murray McArthur, editors

Cambridge Scholars Press, Cambridge, UK, 2012

Rhetorical figures

Randy Allen Harris, Chrysanne Di Marco, editors

Argument & Computation, vol. 8(3)

Cognitive allegory

Randy Allen Harris, Sarah Tolmie, editors

Metaphor and Symbol , vol. 26(2), 2011

Rhetoric of science in Canada

Randy Allen Harris, Isabelle Clerc, Zelie Gueval, editors

Technostyle, vol. 16(1), 2000

Technical Communication in Canada

Randy Allen Harris, Pamela Russell, editors

The Journal of Technical Writing and Communication , vol. 24(3), 1994

A do-it yourself usability kit (Reprint)

Randy Allen Harris

Proceedings of the Third Conference on Quality in Documentation: Usability Concepts and Procedures. 1992

Ethos management in political marketing videos

Monique Kampherm, Randy Allen Harris

Alex Marland, Thierry Giasson, Elizabeth Dubois, Political Marketing in a Canadian Election, UBC Press

A sound argument

Randy Allen Harris

Blake Scott, Michael Baumtrog, Katerina Stevens, The Audience Answers: Essays in Honour of Christopher W. Tindale, 2027

Rhetorical Schemes and Construction Grammar: The Argument from Chiasmus

Randy Allen Harris

Constructions and Frames, vol. 18(1), 2026, pp. 100-138

Rhetorical Figures, Grammatical Constructions, and Form/Meaning Alliances in Pretrained Language Models

Kavi Duvvoori, Randy Allen Harris

POROI, 20.1(Article 8), 2026

The rhetoric of science meets the science of rhetoric (Reprint)

Randy Allen Harris

Poroi, vol. 19(1-2 Special issue on the First 25 Years: Mapping the Past, Charting the Future), 2025

Define Constructions Before Constructions Define You: Rhetorical Figures in the AB Before BA Construction

Romina Hashemi, Huini Chen, Randy Allen Harris

Rhetor, vol. 9, 2024, pp. 11-63

Sex after Technology: The Rhetoric of Health Monitoring Apps and the Reversal of Roe vs. Wade

Kem-Laurin Lubin, Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 54( 3 Special issue on Rhetoric of/with Artificial Intelligence), 2024, pp. 247-262

Rules are rules: Rhetorical figures and algorithms

Randy Allen Harris

Studies in computational intelligence, Roussanka Loukanova, Peter LeFanu Lumsdaine, Reinhard Muskens, Logic and Algorithms in Computational Linguistics, Springer, 2023, pp. 217-259

The Tropes: Metaphor and Its Friends

Randy Allen Harris

Jeanne D. Fahnestock, Randy Allen Harris, The Routledge Handbook of Language and Persuasion, 1st, Routledge, 2023, pp. 227-245

Rhetoric, Linguistics, and the Study of Persuasion: An Overview and an Introduction.

Randy Allen Harris, Jeanne Fahnestock

Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics series, Jeanne Fahnestock, Randy Allen Harris, Routledge handbook of language and persuasion, Routledge, 2023, pp. 1-24

Grammatical Constructions and Rhetorical Figures: The Case of Chiasmus

Randy Allen Harris

LACUS Forum, 46.1, 2022, pp. 35-61

Chiastic Iconicity: Refiguring Symmetry

Randy Allen Harris

Sara Lenninger, Olga Fischer, Christina Ljungberg, Elzbieta Tabakowska, Iconicity in Cognition and across Semiotic Systems, vol. 18, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2022, pp. 103-134

Beauty and Truth, Truth and Beauty: Chiastic Structure Increases the Subjective Accuracy of Statements

Mane Kara-Yakoubian, Alexander C. Walker, Konstantyn Sharpinskyi, Garni Assadourian, Jonathan A. Fugelsang, Randy Allen Harris

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, vol. 76(2), 2022, pp. 144–155

Jagmeet's Kairotic Challenge: Darkface, Turbans, and Hypocrisy Upwards

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric, Politics, and Culture, vol. 1, 2021, pp. 171-204

The Cognitive and Computational Programme in Rhetorical Studies

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetor, vol. 7, 2021, pp. 30-39

Ploke

Randy Allen Harris

Metaphor & Symbol, vol. 35, 2020, pp. 23-42

Introduction: Issues and methods in rhetoric of science

Randy Allen Harris

Randy Allen Harris, Landmark essays on rhetoric of science: Issues and methods, Routledge, 2020, pp. 1-38

Dementia, Rhetorical Schemes, and Cognitive Resilience

Randy Allen Harris

POROI, vol. 15, 2020

An Ontological Approach to Meaning Making through PATH and Gestalt Foregrounding in Climax

Lillian A. Black, Katherine Tu, Cliff O'Reilly, Yetian Wang, Paulo Pacheco, Randy Allen Harris

American Journal of Semiotics, vol. 35, 2019

The Fourth Master Trope: Antithesis

Randy Allen Harris

Advances in the History of Rhetoric, vol. 22, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019 Jan, pp. 1–26

Introduction: Case studies in the rhetoric of science

Randy Allen Harris

Randy Allen Harris, editor, Landmark Essays on Rhetoric of Science: Case Studies. , 2nd edition, Routledge, 2018, pp. 1-42

Scientific Futures for a Rhetoric of Science: We Do This and They Do That?

David R. Gruber, Randy Allen Harris

POROI, vol. 14, 2018

An Annotation Scheme for Rhetorical Figures

Randy Allen Harris, Chrysanne Di Marco, Sebastian Ruan, Cliff O'Reilly

Argument & Computation, vol. 9, 2018, pp. 155-175

Stasis Salience and the Enthymemic Thesis

Ying Yuan, Randy Allen Harris, Yan Jiang

Language and Semiotic Studies, vol. 3, 2017, pp. 103-124

Rhetorical Figures, Arguments, Computation

Randy Allen Harris, Chrysanne Di Marco

Argument & Computation, vol. 8, 2017, pp. 211-231

A Figurative Mind: Gertrude Buck's The Metaphor as a Nexus in Cognitive Metaphor Theory

Ashley Rose Mehlenbacher, Randy Allen Harris

Rhetorica, vol. 35, 2017, pp. 75-109

Argumentative Meanings and Their Stylistic Configurations in Clinical Research Publications

Olga Gladkova, Randy Allen Harris, Chrysanne Di Marco

Argument & Computation, vol. 6, 2016, pp. 310-346

What's in a Name? Journal Titles in the Field of Epistemic Research

Olga Gladkova, Randy Allen Harris, Chrysanne Di Marco

Journal of Argumentation in Context, vol. 3, 2014

Alan G. Gross: Floppy-Eared Rhetorical Rabbit, Redux

Randy Allen Harris

POROI, vol. 10, 2014

Figural Logic in Mendel's Experiments on Plant Hybrids

Randy Allen Harris

Philosophy and Rhetoric, vol. 46, 2013

The Rhetoric of Science Meets the Science of Rhetoric

Randy Allen Harris

POROI, vol. 9, University of Iowa Libraries, 2013 Apr

Introduction: Values in literature and rhetoric

Randy Allen Harris, Murray McArthur, Shelley Hulan

Edited by Shelley Hulan, Murray McArthur, Randy Allen Harris, Literature, rhetoric, and values, Cambridge Scholars Press, 2012, pp. 1-12

Cognitive Allegory: An Introduction

Randy Allen Harris, Sarah Tolmie

Metaphor & Symbol, vol. 26, 2011

Scheme Trope Chroma Chengyu: Figuration in Chinese Four-Character Idioms

Lynn Chien, Randy Allen Harris

Cognitive Semiotics, vol. 6, 2011, pp. 155-178

Chomsky's Other Revolution

Randy Allen Harris

Douglas Kibbee, Chomskyan Revolutions/Evolutions, John Benjamins, Philadelphia, 2010, pp. 237-264

Keeping Curious Company: Wayne C. Booth's Friendship Model of Criticism and the Work of Hunter S. Thompson

Stefanie Stiles, Randy Allen Harris

College English, vol. 71, 2009, pp. 309-333

Alan Gross and the Rhetoric of Science

Randy Allen Harris

Perspectives on Science, vol. 17, {MIT} Press - Journals, 2009 Oct, pp. 346-380

Reception Studies in the Rhetoric of Science

Randy Allen Harris

Technical Communication Quarterly, vol. 14(3), 2005, pp. 249-255

Assent, dissent, and rhetoric in science (Reprint)

Randy Allen Harris, Timothy Barnett

Teaching Argument in the Composition Course: Background Readings, Bedford/St.Martin's Press, 2002

Knowing, rhetoric, science

Randy Allen Harris

James Williams, Visions and revisions: Issues in rhetoric and composition, Southern Illinois University Press, 2002, pp. 163-219

Other-Words in Silent Spring

Randy Allen Harris

And No Birds Sing: Rhetorical Analyses of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, Southern Illinois University Press, 2000, pp. 126-156

Bakhtin, Phaedrus, and the geometry of rhetoric

Randy Allen Harris, Frank Farmer

Landmark essays on Bakhtin, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, 1998, pp. 168-176

Introduction: Case studies in rhetoric of science

Randy Allen Harris

Randy Allen Harris, editor, Landmark essays in rhetoric of science: Case studies, Hermagoras, 1997, pp. xi-xlv

Rhetoric of science in Canada

Randy Allen Harris, Isabelle Clerc, Zélie Guéval

Technostyle, vol. 16, 1995, pp. 1-11

The Chomskyan Revolution II: Sturm und Drang

Randy Allen Harris

Perspectives on Science, vol. 2(1), 1994, pp. 176-230

Technical communication in Canada; La communication technique au Canada

Randy Allen Harris, Pamela Russell

The Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 24(3), 1994, pp. 1-15

The Chomskyan revolution I: Science, syntax, and semantics

Randy Allen Harris

Perspectives on Science , vol. 2(1), 1994, pp. 38-75

Assent, dissent, and rhetoric in science (Reprint)

Randy Allen Harris, Paul M. Dombrowski

Humanistic aspects of technical communication, Baywood, 1994

Generative semantics: Secret handshakes, anarchy notes, and the implosion of ethos

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Review, vol. 23, 1993, pp. 125-60

The Origin and Development of Generative Semantics

Randy Allen Harris

Historiographia Linguistica , vol. 20, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1993, pp. 399-440

Posterity as Exigence: Arthur Inman and His Audience

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly (Special Issue on Chaim Perelman). , vol. 22(2), 1992, pp. 51-65

A taxonomy of online information

Randy Allen Harris, William Hosier

Technical Communication, vol. 38(2), 1991, pp. 197-210

Rhetoric of Science

Randy Allen Harris

College English, vol. 53(3), 1991, pp. 282-307

Linguistic guidelines for graphic interfaces

Randy Allen Harris

Linguistic guidelines for graphic interfaces. 1990. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 33.1, 46-53. Abstracted by Amy Dassie for an article in Stimulus 18.1:1-4 (1991), the newsletter of the Eastern Ontario chapter of the Society for Technical Communication., vol. 33(1), 1991, pp. 46–53

A do-it yourself usability kit

Randy Allen Harris

The Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 21(4), 1991, pp. 351-368

Social definition in Pride and Prejudice: An exercise in extensional semantics

Randy Allen Harris

English Studies in Canada, 17.2, 1991, pp. 163-176

Assent, Dissent, and Rhetoric in Science

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 20(1), 1990, pp. 13-37

Linguistic guidelines for graphic interfaces

Randy Allen Harris

IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, vol. 33(1), 1990, pp. 46-53

Argumentation in Syntactic Structures, An exercise in the rhetoric of science

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 19.2, 1989, pp. 105-130

A signal processing component to Broca's aphasia functor deficits

Randy Allen Harris, Lois Marckworth Stanford, Thomas F. Campbell

Neuropsychologia, 27.5, 1989, pp. 599-605

Ethos and the power of Syntactic structures

Randy Allen Harris

Charles W. Kneupper, Rhetoric Society of America, Arlington, 1989, pp. 189–196

The man who was a thing: Criticism and Uncle Tom's cabin

Randy Allen Harris

College English, 50.6, 1988, pp. 37-51

Bakhtin, Phaedrus, and the geometry of rhetoric

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Review , vol. 18(1), 1988, pp. 15-22

Linguistics, technical writing, and generalized phrase structure grammar

Randy Allen Harris

The Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 18(3), 1988, pp. 227-240

[Review] Rhetoric of science meets the Nazis, of Racial hygiene, by Robert Proctor

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 19, pp. 65-67

[Review] Shaping Rhetoric of Science: The cases of Dobzhansky, Schrödinger, and Wilson, by Leah Ceccarelli

Randy Allen Harris

Review of Communication, vol. 3(2003), pp. 245-253

[Review] The GUI Style Guide, by Linda Fowler and Victor Stanwick

Randy Allen Harris

The Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 27, Sage Publications Ltd, pp. 335-40

[Review] Designing Effective Speech Interfaces, by Susan Weinschenk and Dean T. Barker

Randy Allen Harris

Technical Communication, vol. 48(2), pp. 218-222

[Review] The Rhetoric of Science, by Alan G. Gross

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 21(4), pp. 32-35

[Review] Recent Trends in Discourse and Dialogue, by Laila Dybkjaer and Wolfgang Minker

Randy Allen Harris

Technical Communication, vol. 55(4), p. 426

[Review] Figuring out figuration: A cognitive linguistic account (version 2)

Randy Allen Harris

lingbuzz, 2023

[Review] Figuring out figuration: A cognitive linguistic account, by María Sandra Peña-Cervel and Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez (LINGUIST)

Randy Allen Harris

LINGUIST , vol. 34(1566), 2023 May 19

[Review] Battle in the mind fields, by John A. Goldsmith and Bernard Laks

Randy Harris

Language, vol. 97(1), 2021, pp. 194-200

[Review] Form and formalism in linguistics, edited by James McElvenny

Randy Allen Harris

Language and History, vol. 64(2), 2020, pp. 132-135

[Review] Tropical Truth(s): The Epistemology of Metaphor and other Tropes, by Armin Burkhardt and Brigitte Nerlich

Randy Allen Harris

Quarterly Journal of Speech , vol. 97(4), 2011, pp. 473-477

[Review] The Rhetorical Power of Popular Culture: Considering Mediated Texts, by Deanna D. Sellnow

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 40(3), 2010, pp. 298-302

[Review] Global interface design, by Tony Fernandez

Randy Allen Harris

Technical Communication Quarterly, vol. 5(2), 2009, pp. 202-206

[Review] Rhetorical Figures in Science, by Jeanne Fahnestock

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly , vol. 31(4), Rhetoric Society of America, 2009, pp. 92-104

[Review] Scholarship In the Digital Ages Information, Infrastructure, and the Internet, by Christine L. Borgman

Randy Allen Harris

Technical Communication , vol. 56, 2009, pp. 189-191

[Review] Representing reality: Discourse, rhetoric, and social construction, by Jonathan Potter

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 28(2), 2009, pp. 77-92

[Review] Meggs' History of Graphic Design (4th edition), by Philip B. Meggs and revised by Alston W. Purvis.

Randy Allen Harris

Technical Communication, vol. 54, Society for Technical Communication, 2007, pp. 359-385

[Review] The Elements of Typographic Style, by Robert Bringhurst

Randy Allen Harris

vol. 52, Society for Technical Communication, 2005, pp. 476-477

[Review] Voice User Interface Design, by Michael H. Cohen, James P. Giangola, and Jennifer Balogh

Randy Allen Harris

Technical Communication, vol. 52(4), Society for Technical Communication, 2005, p. 476

[Review] Taming HAL: Designing Human Interfaces Beyond 2001, by Asaf Degani

Randy Allen Harris

Technical Communication, vol. 52, 2005, pp. 476-477

[Review] Darwinism, Design, and Public Education, by John Angus Campbell and Stephen C. Meyer

Randy Allen Harris

vol. 34, 2004, pp. 103-110

[Review] Designing visual language, by Charles Kostelnick and David D. Roberts

Randy Allen Harris

Technostyle, vol. 15(1), 1999, pp. 80-86

[Review] Defining Science. A Rhetoric of Demarcation, by C.A. Taylor

Randy Allen Harris

Argumentation, vol. 13, 1999, pp. 233-236

[Review] The Emergence of Semantics in Four Linguistic Traditions: Hebrew, Sanskrit, Greek, Arabic, by Wout van Bekkum et al.

Randy Allen Harris

vol. 34(3), Clinical Psychology Pub. Co, 1998, pp. 318-319

[Review] Dynamics in Document Design: Creating Text for Readers, by Karen Schriver

Randy Allen Harris

The Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 28(4), 1998, pp. 293-298

[Review] Noam Chomsky: a life of dissent, by Robert F. Barsky

Randy Allen Harris

Books in Canada , vol. 27(2), Canadian Review of Books Ltd, 1998 Mar, pp. 14-17

[Review] On Knowing - The Natural Sciences, by Richard McKeon

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Review, vol. 14(2), 1996, pp. 424-430

[Review] Discourses of science, by Marcello Pera

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Review , vol. 14, 1995, pp. 207-13

[Review] Wittgenstein on mind and language, by David Stern

Randy Allen Harris

The Globe and Mail, National, 1995 Nov 25

[Review] Discourse of Science, by Marcello Pera

Randy Allen Harris

The Globe and Mail, Metro, 1995 Jun 1

[Review] Empire of words, by John Willinsky

Randy Allen Harris

The Globe and Mail, Metro, The Globe and Mail, 1995 Feb 2

[Review] On language by Rod Mengham

Randy Allen Harris

The Sphere, 1994

[Review] In love with Norma Loquendi, by William Safire

Randy Allen Harris

The Globe and Mail, National, 1994 Dec 24

[Review] The language instinct, by Stephen Pinker

Randy Allen Harris

The Globe and Mail, National, 1994 Jun 18

[Review] Reflections on Chomsky, by Alexander George

Randy Allen Harris

Word, vol. 42, 1991, pp. 327-36

[Review] Racial hygiene, by Robert Proctor

Randy Allen Harris

The Ottawa citizen, 1989 Dec

[Review] Creation and recreation, by Northrop Frye

Randy Allen Harris

Our books now, vol. 4(1), 1981

[Review] The Semantics of Science, by Roy Harris

Randy Allen Harris

Language in Society, vol. 36, 802, pp. 802-805

Natural language interface usability

Randy Allen Harris, Harry Logan, Andrew McMurry, Glenn Stillar

Qjunction Technology, 2000

Q and Portia

Randy Allen Harris

Qjunction Technology, 2000

Productopia meets Q, and Portia too

Randy Allen Harris

Qjunction Technology, 2000

Technical documentation—Online information guidelines

Untitled

Chapters include a general "Introduction," "Categories of online information," "Developing online information," "Writing online information," "Presenting online information," and "Organizing online information." A glossary and a list of references is also included., Northern Telecom and Bell-Northern Research, 1990

NT Signature user interface guidelines

Randy Allen Harris, Miguel Planas (senior author), John Meads, et al.

My principal responsibility was for the chapter, "Linguistic guidelines" (pp. 81-109), a later version of which was published in the I.E.E.E. transactions on professional communication (as above), but I worked extensively on all aspects of the guidelines, and contributed to the writing of several other chapters., Northern Telecom and Bell-Northern Research, 1989

Instructors' manual for Linguistics 382

Randy Allen Harris, Matthew S. Dryer

Modern English Syntax, The Department of Linguistics, University of Alberta, 1985

Reply to Andy Rogers review of The Linguistics Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff and the Battle over Deep Structure

Randy Allen Harris

2023

Afterword to The Many Voices of Modern Physics, by Joseph Harmon and Alan Gross

Randy Allen Harris

The Many Voices of Modern Physics, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2023

Everybody Stands Ready for eXcetera: Rhetoric of Science Meets The Pickwick Papers; or A Humble Reply to Morales (and Gruber and Pietrucci)

Randy Allen Harris

2022

X Marks the Spot: Reply to Alexander William Morales's, "An X Too Far", reviewing my two Landmark essays volumes, in the Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective; Morales's response to my response is "Why didn’t I pick a fight About X?"

Randy Allen Harris

2021

Hello Wolfgang: Reply to Wolfgang Sperlich's "The latter day critics of Noam Chomsky"

Randy Allen Harris

openDemocracy, 2018 Nov

The History of a Science: Unreliable Narrators and How Science Moves On

Randy Allen Harris

openDemocracy, 2018 May

Articles in the Cambridge encyclopedia of the language sciences

Randy Allen Harris

Patrick Colm Hogan, Cambridge University Press, London, 2008

Foreword to Sarah Cummins translation of Dan Sperber, "Rudiments of Cognitive Rhetoric"

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 37, 2007, pp. 357-359

2001 ATTW Bibliography

Randy Allen Harris

2002

2000 ATTW Bibliography

Randy Allen Harris

2001

1999 ATTW Bibliography

Randy Allen Harris

2000

Biographical entries in the Biographical dictionary of Western linguistics

Randy Allen Harris

John Joseph, Pierre Swiggers, Routledge, London, 2000

A note on the Max Planck effect

Randy Allen Harris

Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 28, 1998 Sep, pp. 85-89

Response to David Berreby, "Figures of Speech" (on The Linguistics Wars)

Randy Allen Harris

The Sciences, 1994

Letter to the Editor on Black English

Randy Allen Harris

1994 Jan

The LINGUISTics Wars (author's response)

Randy Allen Harris

LINGUIST List, 4.654, 1993

Response to Review of The Linguistics Wars, by John Lawler

Randy Allen Harris

LINGUIST List, 4.644, 1993

Response to "Grammar and Technical Writing", by K. Scott Ferguson and Frank Parker

Randy Allen Harris

Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 22, 1992, pp. 53-56

The Pragmatics of Usability

Randy Allen Harris, Paul Yee

Ann Rockley, Technicom '89 Proceedings, Toronto, 1989, pp. 155-160

Acoustic Dimensions of Functor Comprehension in Broca's Aphasia

Randy Allen Harris, Lois Marckworth Stanford

Proceedings of the Western Conference on Linguistics, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1985